![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Generally speaking, inflection applies in more or less regular patterns to all members of a part of speech (for example, nearly every English verb adds -s for the third person singular present tense), while derivation follows less consistent patterns (for example, the nominalizing suffix -ity can be used with the adjectives modern and dense, but not with open or strong). In contrast, a derivation resulting in a verb may be called verbalization (such as from the noun butter to the verb to butter).ĭerivation can be contrasted with inflection, in that derivation produces a new word (a distinct lexeme), whereas inflection produces grammatical variants (or forms) of the same word. It may involve the use of an affix (such as with employ → employee), or it may occur via conversion (such as with the derivation of the noun run from the verb to run). When derivation occurs without any change to the word, such as in the conversion of the noun breakfast into the verb to breakfast, it's known as conversion, or zero derivation.ĭerivation that results in a noun may be called nominalization. En- (replaced by em- before labials) is usually a transitive marker on verbs, but it can also be applied to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verbs: circle (verb) → encircle (verb) but rich (adj) → enrich (verb), large (adj) → enlarge (verb), rapture (noun) → enrapture (verb), slave (noun) → enslave (verb). A few exceptions are the derivational prefixes en- and be. The prefix un- applies to adjectives ( healthy → unhealthy) and some verbs ( do → undo) but rarely to nouns. A prefix ( write → re-write lord → over-lord) rarely changes the lexical category in English. However, derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the lexical category they may change merely the meaning of the base and leave the category unchanged. verb-to-noun ( agent): -er ( write → writer).verb-to-noun ( abstract): -ance ( deliver → deliverance).verb-to-adjective: -able ( drink → drinkable).noun-to- adjective: -al ( recreation → recreational).adjective-to- adverb: -ly ( personal → personally). ![]() adjective-to-adjective: -ish ( red → reddish).adjective-to- verb: -en ( weak → weaken).adjective-to- noun: -ness ( slow → slowness).Here are examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes: For example, one effect of the English derivational suffix -ly is to change an adjective into an adverb ( slow → slowly). Such an affix usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. Derivational patterns ĭerivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. It is differentiated from inflection, which is the modification of a word to form different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine. For example, unhappy and happiness derive from the root word happy. Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as un- or -ness. In linguistics, the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing one ![]()
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